The Oil factor in Kosovo independence

http://uruknet.info/?p=m41436&s1=h1



URUKNET (ITALY)



The Oil factor in Kosovo independence

Abdus Sattar Ghazali



February 24, 2008



On February 17, Kosovo broke away from Serbia and declared its

independence. Not surprisingly it was instantly recognized as a state by the

U.S., Germany, Britain and France. With 4203 square miles area, Kosovo may

be a tiny territory but in the great game of oil politics it holds great

importance which is in inverse proportion to its size.



Kosovo does not have oil but its location is strategic as the

trans-Balkan pipeline - known as AMBO pipeline after its builder and

operator the US-registered Albanian Macedonian Bulgarian Oil Corporation -

will pass through it.



The pipeline will pump Caspian oil from the Bulgarian port of

Burgas via Macedonia to the Albanian port of Vlora, for transport to

European countries and the United States. Specifically, the 1.1 billion

dollar AMBO pipeline will permit oil companies operating in the Caspian Sea

to ship their oil to Rotterdam and the East Coast of the USA at

substantially less cost than they are experiencing today.



When operational by 2011, the pipeline will become a part of the

region's critical East-West corridor infrastructure which includes highway,

railway, gas and fiber optic telecommunications lines. This pipeline will

bring oil directly to the European market by eliminating tanker traffic

through the ecologically sensitive waters of the Aegean and Mediterranean

Seas.



In 2000, the United States Government's Trade and Development

Agency financed a feasibility study of pipeline which updated and enlarged

the project's original feasibility study dating from early 1996. Brown &

Root Energy Services, a wholly-owned British subsidiary of Halliburton

completed the original feasibility study for this project.



The US Trade and Development Agency's paper published May 2000,

which assesses that the pipeline is a US strategic interest. According to

the paper, the pipeline will provide oil and gas to the US market worth

$600m a month, adding that the pipeline is necessary because the oil coming

from the Caspian sea will quickly surpass the safe capacity of the

Bosphorus.



The project is necessary, according to a paper, because the oil

coming from the Caspian sea "will quickly surpass the safe capacity of the

Bosphorus as a shipping lane". The scheme, the agency notes, will
"provide a

consistent source of crude oil to American refineries", "provide
American

companies with a key role in developing the vital east-west corridor",

"advance the privatisation aspirations of the US government in the
region"

and "facilitate rapid integration" of the Balkans "with western
Europe".



The pipeline itself, the agency says, has also been formally

supported "since 1994". The first feasibility study, backed by the
US, was

conducted in 1996.



In November 1998, Bill Richardson, the then US energy secretary,

spelt out his policy on the extraction and transport of Caspian oil. "This

is about America's energy security," he explained. "It's also about

preventing strategic inroads by those who don't share our values. We're

trying to move these newly independent countries toward the west.



"We would like to see them reliant on western commercial and

political interests rather than going another way. We've made a substantial

political investment in the Caspian, and it's very important to us that both

the pipeline map and the politics come out right."



Professor Michel Chossudovsky, author of America at War in

Macedonia, provides a deep insight into the

Albanian-Macedonian-Bulgarian-Oil Pipeline project:



"The US based AMBO pipeline consortium is directly linked to the

seat of political and military power in the United States and Vice President

Dick Cheney's firm Halliburton Energy. The feasibility study for AMBO's

Trans-Balkan Oil Pipeline, conducted by the international engineering

company of Brown & Root Ltd. [Halliburton's British subsidiary] has

determined that this pipeline will become a part of the region's critical

East-West corridor infrastructure which includes highway, railway, gas and

fibre optic telecommunications lines.



"Coincidentally, White and Case LLT, the New York law firm that

President William J. Clinton joined when he left the White House also has a

stake in the AMBO pipeline deal.



"And upon completion of the feasibility study by Halliburton, a

senior executive of Halliburton was appointed CEO of AMBO. Halliburton was

also granted a contract to service US troops in the Balkans and build

"Bondsteel" in Kosovo, which now constitutes "the largest
American foreign

military base constructed since Vietnam".



"The AMBO Trans-Balkans pipeline project would link up with the

pipeline corridors between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea basin, which

lies at the hub of the World's largest unexplored oil reserves. The

militarization of these various corridors is an integral part of

Washington's design.



"The US policy of "protecting the pipeline routes" out of the

Caspian Sea basin (and across the Balkans) was spelled out by Clinton's

Energy Secretary Bill Richardson barely a few months prior to the 1999

bombing of Yugoslavia: This is about America's energy security. It's also

about preventing strategic inroads by those who don't share our values.

We're trying to move these newly independent countries toward the west. We

would like to see them reliant on western commercial and political interests

rather than going another way. We've made a substantial political investment

in the Caspian, and it's very important to us that both the pipeline map and

the politics come out right.



"In favour of the AMBO pipeline negotiations, the U.S.

Government has been directly supportive through its Trade and Development

Agency (TDA) and the South Balkan Development Initiative (SBDI). The TDI

suggested the need for Albania, Macedonia, and Bulgaria to "use regional

synergies to leverage new public and private capital [from U.S.
companies]"

while also asserting responsibility of the U.S. Government "for
implementing

the initiative."



And the U.S. Government has fulfilled its role in promoting the

AMBO project, granting several contracts to Halliburton for servicing U.S.

troops in the Balkans, including a five year contract authorized in June of

2005 by the U.S. Army at a value of $1.25 billion, despite criminal

allegations made against Halliburton that are currently being probed by the

F.B.I., according to Craig A. Brannagan author of On the Political

Executive: Public or Private?



This leaves little doubt that the war in the former Yugoslavia

was fought solely in order to secure access to oil from new and biddable

states in central Asia. It is obvious that the former Yugoslavia, especially

Serbia, was a serious problem for the realization of the plan. The

intervention in Kosovo and Metohija was carried out in order to please

Albania, whose port of Vlore is the ultimate destination of the pipeline.



In 1998, fighting breaks out between Serbian forces and ethnic

Albanians in Kosovo. President Milosevic sends in troops, and atrocities

were committed. This opens the door for NATO's Operation Allied Force,

occupying Kosovo in 1999 and then handing it over to the UN, with a huge

American presence in the area. UN resolution 1244 is drafted stipulating

that Kosovo is Serbian land, and at the same time gives Kosovars governance

autonomy.



June 1999, in the immediate aftermath of the bombing of

Yugoslavia, US forces seized 1,000 acres of farmland in southeast Kosovo at

Uresevic, near the Macedonian border, and began the construction of Camp

Bondsteel which is the biggest construction project of a US military base

since the war in Vietnam. Now, why would the United States build such a

massive camp in Kosovo?



In evaluating Kosovo's independence, it is also important to

know that Kosovo is not gaining independence or even minimal

self-government.



It will be run by an appointed High Representative and bodies

appointed by the U.S., European Union and NATO. An old-style colonial

viceroy and imperialist administrators will have control over foreign and

domestic policy. It is similar to the absolute power held by L. Paul Bremer

in the first two years of the U.S. occupation of Iraq. U.S. has merely

consolidated its direct control of a totally dependent colony in the heart

of the Balkans.



An International Civilian Representative (ICR) will be appointed

by U.S. and E.U. officials to oversee Kosovo. This appointed official can

overrule any measures, annul any laws and remove anyone from office in

Kosovo. The ICR will have full and final control over the departments of

Customs, Taxation, Treasury and Banking.



The E.U. will establish a European Security and Defense Policy

Mission (ESDP) and NATO will establish an International Military Presence.

Both these appointed bodies will have control over foreign policy, security,

police, judiciary, all courts and prisons.



These bodies and the ICR will have final say over what crimes

can be prosecuted and against whom; they can reverse or annul any decision

made. The largest prison in Kosovo is at the U.S. base, Camp Bondsteel,

where prisoners are held without charges, judicial overview or

representation.



US has argued the case of Kosovo is unique and that separatists

in other states in Europe and the Balkans will not receive aid and welcome

from major powers. "It is incorrect to view this as a precedent and it

doesn't serve any purpose to view it as a precedent," said Alejandro
Wolff,

US deputy permanent representative to the UN. He may be right because other

separatists may not have any attraction for the oil giants.



However, the Kosovo independence bolsters hopes of militants in

the Indian-controlled Kashmir to achieve the same status for the disputed

territory. "The world community, the European Union in particular, should

play a Kosovo-like role in getting the dispute resolved in Kashmir," says

Yasin Malik, chairman of pro-independence group Jammu Kashmir Liberation

Front.



Although several countries have recognized Kosovo as a new state

but India said it was studying the legal ramifications. India is wary of

recognizing Kosovo as an independent state because of its potential

implications for Kashmir, racked by a nearly two-decade freedom struggle

against New Delhi's occupation that has left more than 43,000 people dead.



Article nr. 41436 sent on 25-feb-2008 12:21 ECT

Kosovo's independence could haunt us

http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=916336



ST. CATHARINES STANDARD (CANADA)



EDITORIAL



Kosovo's independence could haunt us

Posted By Scott Taylor



Posted 44 mins ago



On the weekend of Feb. 16-17, the streets of Kosovo were flooded with

citizens celebrating a unilateral declaration of independence by ethnic

Albanian Prime Minister Hashim Thaci. This much-anticipated announcement

formally severed all official ties between the disputed province and the

rest of Serbia, thereby creating Europe's newest state.



The United States was the first to recognize Kosovo's independence, with

President George W. Bush sending his congratulations to Thaci from a stop in

Tanzania. The United Kingdom, Germany and France were quick to follow suit,

and with these big powers on board, the Albanian Kosovars popped the

champagne corks and throughout the capital city of Pristina throngs of

people waved a sea of red and black flags in celebration.



For people only paying casual attention to this long-simmering Balkan hot

spot, Thaci's declaration of independence may indeed be viewed as a joyous

occasion. In fact, most Canadians may be forgiven if they thought this whole

matter was resolved back in the summer of 1999.



After a 78-day bombing campaign, NATO had negotiated a ceasefire agreement

with the Serbian government. Under the terms of UN Resolution 1244, Serbian

security forces would withdraw from Kosovo, and under NATO military

supervision, the 800,000 Albanian Kosovar refugees who had fled the fighting

would be repatriated. The Albanian guerrillas - known as the Kosovo

Liberation Army (KLA) - were to be disarmed and demobilized by NATO troops,

who would also ensure the safety of Kosovo's 200,000 ethnic Serb civilians.



Resolution 1244 made it very clear that under the UN Charter, Kosovo would

remain the sovereign territory of Serbia. Over the past nine years, NATO has

failed to uphold its part of the bargain. The KLA was never disarmed; they

were simply formalized into the Kosovo Protection Corps. Serb civilians

suffered widespread violent reprisals from Albanian extremists resulting in

a mass exodus with fewer than 40,000 ethnic Serbs still residing in

protected enclaves. There was also no progress made towards a negotiated

settlement of Kosovo's status between Belgrade and Pristina authorities.



With Serbia unwilling to relinquish the sovereignty of this province - the

religious heartland of the Serbian people - there was no legal way to push

independence through the UN Security Council. That impasse is what led to

the Feb. 17 unilateral declaration, and the deep divide within the

international community over this clear violation of the rule of law and the

UN Charter. The Canadian Foreign Affairs Department understands that any

rapid recognition of a disputed province's declaration of independence from

another country could create a dangerous precedent, which might come back to

haunt us.



So while Canada looks at what diplomatic options are available, let's review

some of the background. Up until 1998, the U.S. State Department regarded

the KLA as a terrorist organization. The KLA's assassinations and bomb

attacks against government officials led to a heavy-handed Serbian military

crackdown. At this point the Americans changed horses and decried the Serb

reprisals rather than the terror provocations of the KLA. Under U.S.

pressure an ultimatum was issued by NATO to Serbia in February 1999, and the

KLA was suddenly legitimized as freedom fighters.



By March 24 of that year, when the deadline expired without Serbia's

compliance, NATO began bombing Kosovo and Serbia. Within days a trickle of

refugees became a flood as some 800,000 Albanians fled the renewed fighting

and the NATO bombing. Once this whole incident had ballooned into a

humanitarian crisis of epic proportion, NATO used the suffering of the

Albanians to further justify their intervention.



Putting recent history aside, the fact remains that Kosovo is simply not

viable as an independent country. It is a landlocked, mountainous province,

not quite twice the size of Prince Edward Island, with a population of two

million. The unemployment rate stands at 50 per cent; for those working the

average annual income ranges around $2,400 Cdn. a year. Prostitution and

illegal drugs form the major pillar of Kosovo's economy, with the other main

infusion coming from the annual foreign donations of approximately $600

million.



The red and black flag they wave is the Albanian flag, not Kosovar. And as a

result of the ongoing violent attacks against non-Albanians in the province,

this is now one of the most ethnically-cleansed territories in all of

Europe.



Prime Minister Thaci is a former ruthless KLA warlord who called himself

"Snake" and the commander of the Kosovo Protection Corps is Agim
Ceku, who

made a notorious name for himself as a war criminal in Croatia.



Given the rotten foundation upon which Kosovo intends to build its own

independent state, I think Canada would be well advised to uphold the UN

Charter in this instance, and to respect the rule of international law.



Scott Taylor reported from inside Serbia and Kosovo during the 1999 bombing

campaign and has made more than 20 subsequent visits to the region. He is a

member of the Osprey Writers Group.